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Rumex giganteus

W.T.Aiton (1811)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-CoreEudicot Order: Caryophyllales Family: Polygonaceae Genus: Rumex

pāwale [pawale], uhauhakō [uhauhako]

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Scandent shrubs or lianas.

Stems: Stems usually decumbent or supported by trees in forested areas, sometimes sprawling to sub–erect in open areas or at high elevations, (8–)20–200 dm long, glabrous.

Roots: Taprooted.

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades oblong–ovate to occasionally deltate, sometimes narrowly oblong–ovate or in open sites smaller and ovate–elliptic, flat, 6–22(–30) cm long, (1.8–)2.5–10(–11.6) cm wide; blades not especially thick (occasionally somewhat thickened in open areas or at high elevations on east maui and mauna kea, hawaiʻi), dull. Apex acute, acuminate, or occasionally broadly obtuse. Base truncate or cordate, occasionally broadly cuneate in smaller leaves in open habitats or at high elevations. Surfaces glabrous or sometimes sparsely short–papillose–pilose. Margins entire, rarely slightly undulate. Petioles 1–7 cm long, glabrous to sparsely pilose. Stipules forming sheath or ocrea.

Flowers: Flowers in occasionally (hawaiʻi) pilose in the inflorescence, numerous in large, red or rarely green and sometimes tinged red, diffuse to somewhat congested, many-branched, usually pendent, paniculate inflorescences (15–)25–80 cm or more long, usually 20–30 cm or more wide, rarely narrower. Flowers unisexual (and the plants monoecious), the proportions of each sex varying from nearly equal to one type strongly dominating, actinomorphic. Tepals 6, outer 3 much smaller than inner ones, green, connate at base into a minute floral tube, inner 3 valves erect; staminate flowers with outer Tepals 1–1.2 mm long, the valves reddish or sometimes greenish, membranous, 1.5–1.8 mm long; pistillate flowers with outer Tepals usually reddish, ca. 1–1.4 mm long, the valves reddish or sometimes yellowish green, membranous, ca. 1.5 mm long, enlarging to 4–5 mm long and becoming cordate in fruit, venation becoming conspicuous, margins denticulate, the faces without tubercles. Stamens 6, staminate flowers with anthers ca. 1–1.2 mm long; anthers dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule 1; styles 3; stigmas fimbriate, dry.

Fruit: Nuts trigonous; enclosed by the valves; pale brown; ca. 1.8–2.3 mm long; the 2 sides of a single arm of a mature nut distinctly diverging; the angle ca. 45°; margins of arms with a conspicuous rim. Seeds with well-developed; starchy and oily endosperm.

Ploidy: 2n = 54; ca. 56; 60

Habitat: Mesic to wet forest and subalpine woodland.

Elevation Range: (3–)660–3,050 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Molokai Endemic
Maui Endemic
Hawai'i Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Hortus Kew. 2: 323 (1811)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1067 (Mo, M, H); Mosyakin & Wagner 1998:42 (KEY)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Rumex giganteus Puu Lehua Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 3014 Hawaii BISH 1973-05-04
2 Rumex giganteus Kilauea Volcano, Kalanilehua Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 12989 Hawaii BISH 1917-08-01
3 Rumex giganteus Haleakala Preserved_Specimen Brigham, W.T. Maui BISH 1909-01-01
4 Rumex giganteus Mauna Kea Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8332 Hawaii BISH 1910-06-01
5 Rumex giganteus Maui Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1841 Maui BISH 1920-01-01
6 Rumex giganteus Aina Hou Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 825 Hawaii BISH 1915-06-12
7 Rumex giganteus [Hawaiian Islands; U.S.A.; Hawaii Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. BISH
8 Rumex giganteus Kilauea, Kilaueaiki Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Hawaii BISH 1929-08-03
9 Rumex giganteus floor of Kilauea Iki Crater Preserved_Specimen Morley, H. Hawaii BISH 1935-08-01
10 Rumex giganteus Haleakala Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1067 Maui BISH 1919-08-06
11 Rumex giganteus Fern Forest Preserved_Specimen Woolford, H.A. Hawaii BISH 1954-12-22
12 Rumex giganteus Kaulani Prison Rd. Preserved_Specimen Woolford, H.A. Hawaii BISH 1950-01-01
13 Rumex giganteus Kilauea Volcano Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Hawaii BISH 1908-09-01
14 Rumex giganteus Kilauea volcano floor Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Hawaii BISH 1908-09-01
15 Rumex giganteus Mauna Kea, Hummula Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. Hawaii BISH 1938-06-21
16 Rumex giganteus Kilauea Crater Rd. Preserved_Specimen Meebold, A. Hawaii BISH 1932-05-01
17 Rumex giganteus Saddle Rd. Preserved_Specimen Cowan, R.S. Hawaii BISH 1968-12-27
18 Rumex giganteus 23 Miles, Hilo Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH 1917-08-29
19 Rumex giganteus East Maui, Hamakua Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Maui BISH
20 Rumex giganteus Kilauea Preserved_Specimen Hawaii BISH 1924-01-01
21 Rumex giganteus [Hawaiian Islands; U.S.A.; Hawaii Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8844 BISH 1926-01-01
22 Rumex giganteus [Hawaiian Islands; U.S.A.; Hawaii Preserved_Specimen Mann, H. 608 BISH 1864-01-01
23 Rumex giganteus Crater of Haleakala, Kaeanae Gap, Halehaku Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1050 Maui BISH 1919-08-03
24 Rumex giganteus East Maui, slopes of Haleakala, above Ukulele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1934 Maui BISH 1910-07-01
25 Rumex giganteus Waikii, Mauna Kea Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 468 Hawaii BISH 1911-08-01
26 Rumex giganteus N Kona, Puuwaawaa forest Preserved_Specimen Skottsberg, C.J.F. 669 Hawaii BISH 1922-09-26
27 Rumex giganteus Waikamoi Drainage, N slope, on lower flume road Rain forest. Preserved_Specimen Medeiros, A.C. 481 Maui BISH 1983-08-01
28 Rumex giganteus E Kawela Gulch Streambed. Preserved_Specimen Russell, C.A. 706 Molokai BISH 1987-10-22
29 Rumex giganteus East Maui, Hana District, Haleakala National Park, Kipahulu Valley Rough `a`a lava area between Pu'u o' Pele; Pu'u o Maui & Ka Moa o Pele cinder cones. Preserved_Specimen Medeiros, A.C. 567 Maui BISH 1983-10-10
30 Rumex giganteus Trail up west bank of Honomanu trail Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2574 Maui BISH 1920-06-23
31 Rumex giganteus Onini Gulch Uncommon and local in gully bottom in mesic forest. Plants sprawling along ground, sometimes somewhat leaning on adjacent vegetation. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Nestegis, Viola, Pouteria, Coprosma, Kadua, Ochrosia, Wikstroemia, Alyxia, Smilax, Pittosporum, Ilex, Myrsine, Pleomele, Psychotria, Microlepia, Carex, Dryopteris, Asplenium, Pteridium, Elaphoglossum, Luzula, Panicum, Nephrolepis, Doodia, Chamaesyce, Sophora. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 60801 Molokai BISH 2008-06-03
32 Rumex giganteus Haleakala, W slope in clump of Mamane Preserved_Specimen Olson, G.E. 38 Maui BISH 1937-06-27
33 Rumex giganteus Kawela, W fork, Waikolu Stream, Hanalilolilo wet ohia, native trees and shrubs, treeferns Preserved_Specimen Warshauer, F.R. 2417 Molokai BISH 1979-07-15
34 Rumex giganteus In the crater of Haleakala, between the cabin and Waineke spring Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 2807 Maui BISH 1938-08-04
35 Rumex giganteus Waikii, Parker Ranch dry gulch Preserved_Specimen Ewart III, G.R. 312 Hawaii BISH 1932-12-23
36 Rumex giganteus East Molokai, N coast, base of Wailele Falls boulder rubble, under hala Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 2170 Molokai BISH 1984-08-27
37 Rumex giganteus N Kona, N Hualalai, back of Poohoohoo collapsed lava tube Preserved_Specimen Kondo, Y. Hawaii BISH 1946-07-18
38 Rumex giganteus Crater Rim Rd., 1/4 mi W of Halemaumau Lookout, Kilauea loose volcanic cinders; with Vaccinium reticulatum, Sadleria cyatheoides, Silene hawaiiensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia ciliolata Preserved_Specimen Carlquist, S. 2060 Hawaii BISH 1966-07-25
39 Rumex giganteus Waikamoi Drainage, N slope, on lower flume road Rain forest. Preserved_Specimen Medeiros, A.C. 481 Maui BISH 1983-08-01
40 Rumex giganteus West Maui, Waikapu Valley among rocks by stream Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 2233 Maui BISH 1984-12-16
41 Rumex giganteus East Maui, Koolau Forest Reserve steep shaded stream bank with Dicranopteris, Athyrium Preserved_Specimen Fortner, H.J. 233 Maui BISH 1973-07-28
42 Rumex giganteus Kemole Hill, slopes of Mauna Kea In rocky (lava) places in company with Campylotheca, Coprosma, etc. Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8304 Hawaii BISH 1910-06-10
43 Rumex giganteus Keauhou Ranch, (TK-H), Kau District Log jam in pastureland in full sun. Preserved_Specimen ESP Field Crew 97 Hawaii BISH 1979-09-06
44 Rumex giganteus East Molokai, N coast, base of Wailele Falls boulder rubble, under hala Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 2170 Molokai BISH 1984-08-27
45 Rumex giganteus Honomuni, SE of Kawaiuliuli, Wailau Pali wet ohia, native trees and shrubs, exotic grass and shrubs Preserved_Specimen Stemmermann, R.L. 3937 Molokai BISH 1979-07-18
46 Rumex giganteus Puu Hualalai, Puuwaawaa moist gulch in woods Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 11399 Hawaii BISH 1931-12-29
47 Rumex giganteus Kula Forest Reserve, Waiohuli on open ground with Pukiawe, Mamane, grasses Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 1646 Maui BISH 1982-07-17
48 Rumex giganteus Pawale, Waikii, Waikoloa, S.Kohala dry, rocky Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 2284 Hawaii BISH 1938-06-10
49 Rumex giganteus Kapapala Forest Reserve Supported bt Metrosideros trees to about 25 ft. in height. Open Acacia koa - Metrosideros forest with Stephelia shrubs increasingly common; a transition zone between closed forest 60-80 ft. and open forest 30' tall. Preserved_Specimen Davis, J. 558 Hawaii BISH 1981-07-01
50 Rumex giganteus Kupaia Gulch, N bank, 3 m above bottom Metrosideros, Osmanthus, Pisonia, Dodonaea, Alyxia, Phyllanthus, Viola, Melinis Preserved_Specimen Canfield, J.E. 1304 Molokai BISH 1985-09-24
51 Rumex giganteus Mauna Kea, Skyline trail, Hamakua District Growing above treeline in cindery substrate. Preserved_Specimen Cuddihy, L.W. 877 Hawaii BISH 1981-09-30
52 Rumex giganteus East Maui, Koolau Forest Reserve steep shaded stream bank with Dicranopteris, Athyrium Preserved_Specimen Fortner, H.J. 233 Maui BISH 1973-07-28
53 Rumex giganteus Makolelau, ridge S of Puu Kolekole, 1st large gulch to W dry exotic grass and shrubs, native trees and shrubs Preserved_Specimen Stemmermann, R.L. 3886 Molokai BISH 1979-06-20
54 Rumex giganteus Koa Mill, Alika, S Kona Metrosideros and Cibotium forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. Hawaii BISH 1946-12-30
55 Rumex giganteus West Maui, Waikapu Valley among rocks by stream Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 2233 Maui BISH 1984-12-16
56 Rumex giganteus Wright Road, Olaa Forest Reserve, Puna Virgin Cibotium and Metrosideros forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 25085 Hawaii BISH 1953-01-29
57 Rumex giganteus West Maui, Lahaina District, Honokowai, Amalu Stream. Growing on talus slope near base of waterfall. Vegetation: Degraded Metrosideros/Diospyros forest with Coffea, Psidium, Pisonia, Psychotria, Pneumatopteris, Freycinetia, Kadua, Passiflora, Rubus, Bidens, Ageratina, Setaria, Pluchea, Cyrtandra, Pneumatopteris, Paspalum. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 100807 Maui BISH 2008-10-07
58 Rumex giganteus Laupahoehoe, Hilo FR moist Metrosideros forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 18629 Hawaii BISH 1937-12-31
59 Rumex giganteus N Kona, Kahalulu, between Mauna Loa and Hualalai, N of Puu Keanui and Puu Pohakuloa exotic grass, koa, ohia, native trees; lava tube on Coprosma Preserved_Specimen Jacobi, J.D. 1213 Hawaii BISH 1978-06-11
60 Rumex giganteus Kupaia Gulch, S bank, 3 m above bottom Metrosideros, Osmanthus, Pisonia, Dodonaea, Alyxia, Phyllanthus, Viola, Melinis Preserved_Specimen Canfield, J.E. 1302 Molokai BISH 1985-09-24
61 Rumex giganteus N Hilo, Laupahoehoe, E Mauna Kea, ridge Humuula Rd/Maulua Tr koa, ohia, native-exotic shrub and grass; on fallen vine branches Preserved_Specimen Warshauer, F.R. 1536 Hawaii BISH 1977-11-17
62 Rumex giganteus Kilauea moist sunny woods Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 1651 Hawaii BISH 1922-12-28
63 Rumex giganteus Waikamoi Drainage, N slope, on lower flume road Rain forest. Preserved_Specimen Medeiros, A.C. 481 Maui BISH 1983-08-01
64 Rumex giganteus Puu Kapele grass, ashy soil Preserved_Specimen Fagerlund, G.O. 534 Hawaii BISH 1943-04-19
65 Rumex giganteus East Maui, Haleakala, base of Sliding Sands trail cindery soil with Pteridium, Styphelia, Coprosma, Dubautia Preserved_Specimen Henrickson, J.S. 3878 Maui BISH 1969-07-15
66 Rumex giganteus Onini Gulch Uncommon and local in gully bottom in mesic forest. Plants sprawling along ground, sometimes somewhat leaning on adjacent vegetation. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Nestegis, Viola, Pouteria, Coprosma, Kadua, Ochrosia, Wikstroemia, Alyxia, Smilax, Pittosporum, Ilex, Myrsine, Pleomele, Psychotria, Microlepia, Carex, Dryopteris, Asplenium, Pteridium, Elaphoglossum, Luzula, Panicum, Nephrolepis, Doodia, Chamaesyce, Sophora. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 60801 Molokai BISH 2008-06-03
67 Rumex giganteus Keauhou Ranch, (T-KH), Kau district Log jam in pastureland in full sun. Preserved_Specimen ESP Field Crew 97 Hawaii BISH 1979-09-06
68 Rumex giganteus Mauna Kea, SW slope along skyline trail, near large cinder cones Very little vegetation present, mostly scattered mullein and Gnaphalium sandwicensium with a few grasses. Preserved_Specimen Davis, J. 572 Hawaii BISH 1981-07-23
69 Rumex giganteus Koa Mill, Alika, S Kona Metrosideros and Cibotium forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. Hawaii BISH 1946-12-30
70 Rumex giganteus Kupaia Gulch, N bank, 3 m above bottom Metrosideros, Osmanthus, Pisonia, Dodonaea, Alyxia, Phyllanthus, Viola, Melinis Preserved_Specimen Canfield, J.E. 1304 Molokai BISH 1985-09-24
71 Rumex giganteus Puu Hualalai, Puuwaawaa moist gulch in woods Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 11399 Hawaii BISH 1931-12-29
72 Rumex giganteus Kona, Keauhou 1 open parklands Preserved_Specimen Christ, J.H. Hawaii BISH 1958-05-15
73 Rumex giganteus Honaunau FR, N jeep trail wet Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 1690 Hawaii BISH 1970-07-06
74 Rumex giganteus Kemole Hill, slopes of Mauna Kea In rocky (lava) places in company with Campylotheca, Coprosma, etc. Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8304 Hawaii BISH 1910-06-10
75 Rumex giganteus W Maui, Honokowai Valley, Amalu branch valley bottom Preserved_Specimen Ewart III, G.R. 63 Maui BISH 1928-12-21
76 Rumex giganteus Kilau Iki dry lava bed Preserved_Specimen Morley, H. 143 Hawaii BISH 1932-08-14
77 Rumex giganteus Kupaia Gulch, N bank, 3 m above bottom Metrosideros, Osmanthus, Pisonia, Dodonaea, Alyxia, Phyllanthus, Viola, Melinis Preserved_Specimen Canfield, J.E. 1304 Molokai BISH 1985-09-24
78 Rumex giganteus Waikamoi lower flume in dense wet forest Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 1648 Maui BISH 1982-07-19
79 Rumex giganteus Kilauea Volcano, Kalanilehua Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 12989 Hawaii BISH 1917-08-01
80 Rumex giganteus West Maui, Honokohau Stream low land mesic forest Preserved_Specimen Meidell, J.S. 142 Maui BISH 1996-08-21
81 Rumex giganteus Waikamoi lower flume in dense wet forest Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 1648 Maui BISH 1982-07-19
82 Rumex giganteus West Maui, Lahaina District, Ukumehme Valley, W fork between Hokuula and Hale Pohaku Along perennial stream Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 51901 Maui BISH 2019-05-02
83 Rumex giganteus East Maui, Hana District, Haleakala National Park, Kipahulu Valley Rough `a`a lava area between Pu'u o' Pele; Pu'u o Maui & Ka Moa o Pele cinder cones. Preserved_Specimen Medeiros, A.C. 567 Maui BISH 1983-10-10
84 Rumex giganteus Waikamoi Gulch down hill Preserved_Specimen Mitchell, A.L. Maui BISH 1945-09-30
85 Rumex giganteus Kupaia Gulch, N bank, 3 m above bottom Metrosideros, Osmanthus, Pisonia, Dodonaea, Alyxia, Phyllanthus, Viola, Melinis Preserved_Specimen Canfield, J.E. 1304 Molokai BISH 1985-09-24
86 Rumex giganteus Mauna Kea, above Hale Pohaka Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6236 Hawaii BISH 1970-01-01
87 Rumex giganteus Kamoku, W fork of stream, E of Kawela Ridge, ridge to Puu o Kaeha, in stream bed Preserved_Specimen Lorence, D.H. 5626 Molokai BISH 1987-10-22
88 Rumex giganteus Puuwaawaa Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 46 Hawaii BISH 1911-06-08
89 Rumex giganteus Crater of Haleakala, Kaeanae Gap, Halehaku Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1050 Maui BISH 1919-08-03
90 Rumex giganteus E Kawela Gulch, streambed Preserved_Specimen Russell, C.A. 706 Molokai BISH 1987-10-22
91 Rumex giganteus On Puuoikaaka Crater, slopes of Hualalai Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10046 Hawaii BISH 1912-02-13
92 Rumex giganteus Kapapala, Kau Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 378 Hawaii BISH 1911-08-01
93 Rumex giganteus East highland, Kawela trail Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 3840 Molokai BISH 1938-09-21
94 Rumex giganteus Mts. above Puu Kolekole Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 136 Molokai BISH 1912-07-01
95 Rumex giganteus Puuwaawaa, N Kona Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 12979 Hawaii BISH 1917-08-01
96 Rumex giganteus Kohala Mts., Upper Hamakua ditch trail, head of Koiawe valley Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 3108 Hawaii BISH 1938-09-07
97 Rumex giganteus Mts. above Puu Kolekole Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 136 Molokai BISH 1912-07-01
98 Rumex giganteus On Puuoikaaka Crater, slopes of Hualalai Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10046 Hawaii BISH 1912-02-13
99 Rumex giganteus East Maui, Auwahi, S slope of Haleakala Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2110 Maui BISH 1920-03-27
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